Description

Significant changes have occurred all over the world even over the past decade in the energy landscape. Globally, there's a big push towards a 100% incorporation of wind and solar power for electricity production, with synergistic support from Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) technology. Large-scale electric vehicles (EVs) can perform as new channels of source and energy storage mechanism in the smart grid via implementing V2G intended for power injection from EVs to the grid. V2G awards EV owners with numerous innovative roles in the smart grid such as mobile energy storage, renewable energy storage, backup supply. V2G has been intended as a means of lessening the grid potential operational delinquents and enhancing the opportunity for the proliferation of EVs. There are however a host of challenges, most of which are due to the intermittency and unpredictability of the mobility behaviour and renewable energy resources (RESs), along with market price volatility. Therefore, V2G scheduling becomes emerging research focus with a large-scale application of EVs. Present market regulations restrict fair participation in power markets for individual EVs' G2V scheduling.