Description

Pregnancy is a crucial time in a woman's life as they are experiencing drastic life changes (e.g., psychologically, physiologically, socially). While pregnancy experiences vary from woman to woman, these immense life changes may create pregnancy-related stress resulting in adverse health outcomes for both the mother and baby. For example, in non-teenage mothers, there has

been an association between stressful life events in the period before conception to early pregnancy and birth defects (Carmichael et al., 2017). In addition, stress in early and midpregnancy has been associated with a decline in mental and psychomotor development in infants 8 months after birth (Huizink et al., 2003).